How does stem cell therapy work?

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) support the body’s natural regenerative capacity. According to current knowledge, these cells can modulate the inflammatory response, stimulate tissue regeneration, and contribute to the formation of new, healthy tissues (e.g., cartilage, tendons, joint structures). This may help reduce chronic pain, degeneration, and inflammation.

What are stem cells?

ADSCs are mesenchymal stem cells derived from the patient’s own fat tissue. These cells can differentiate into various tissue types. They promote the regeneration of damaged tissue, the formation of new blood vessels, and possess anti-inflammatory properties.

When do we use BMC vs. ADSC stem cells?

The decision to use bone marrow-derived (BMC) or adipose-derived (ADSC) stem cells depends on several factors, including the patient’s general condition, the nature of the problem, and the type of biological material available.

BMC is a commonly used and well-established method in musculoskeletal conditions. However, research and experience suggest that BMC treatment typically needs to be repeated 2–3 times to achieve long-term results.

In contrast, ADSC treatment allows for harvesting a larger quantity of stem cells in a single session. Studies suggest that even a single ADSC treatment may result in significant improvement. Its downside is the need for specialized equipment and a more involved preparation process due to the liposuction.

How are stem cells harvested?

Liposuction is performed under sedation and local anesthesia, typically from the lower abdominal area using a fine needle. The fat is then processed using a specialized closed-system centrifuge to obtain a stem cell-rich concentrate. The entire preparation takes about 40 minutes.

What conditions can be treated with stem cell therapy?

  • Joint degeneration (arthrosis)
  • Joint inflammation (arthritis)
  • Ligament and tendon issues
  • Sports injuries
  • Cartilage damage and degeneration
  • Tendinopathies and enthesopathies
  • Spine-related pain (lower back, thoracic, neck)
  • Headaches originating from the neck

Benefits of ADSC stem cell treatment

  • Improves biomechanics and delays joint and spinal degeneration
  • Natural, from the patient’s own body
  • No risk of rejection
  • Reduces inflammation and pain
  • Supports regenerative processes
  • Enhances joint and tendon function
  • Slows degenerative progression
  • Often reduces the need for surgery

When is this procedure not recommended?

  • Active systemic infection
  • Bleeding disorders or anticoagulation issues
  • What are the possible complications of the procedure?

Although rare, possible complications include:

  • Bleeding at the site of liposuction, especially in the lower abdomen. To prevent this, a compression band is applied after the procedure to reduce swelling and bruising.
  • Infection (preventable with sterile technique)
  • Swelling, tenderness, pain at the injection site

Serious complications are extremely rare, especially under ultrasound or X-ray guidance.

What to expect during stem cell treatment?

  • Liposuction and preparation take about 40 minutes
  • The duration of stem cell injection depends on the target area:
  • Knee, hip, shoulder: outpatient, ultrasound-guided, approx. 1 hour
  • Spine: performed in an operating room, X-ray-guided, approx. 1–2 hours
  • Usually done under sedation or twilight anesthesia

Possible side effects of stem cell therapy

Common, mild side effects:

  • Swelling, tenderness, muscle soreness (2–10 days)
  • Mild bruising

Rare:

  • Increased pain lasting past 10 days

Extremely rare:

  • Infection, persistent pain, or localized complications
  • Temporary fever (not abnormal within the first 24 hours)

Potential risks

The procedure does not worsen the patient’s condition. Risks related to needle placement include:

Hip, knee, shoulder:

  • Vascular or nerve injury (rare)

Spine:

  • Pneumothorax, spinal headache, paralysis, death (extremely rare)

All areas are treated under ultrasound or X-ray guidance.

How to prepare for stem cell treatment?

  • Discontinue anti-inflammatory medications (Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, etc.) 2 weeks before the procedure
  • Avoid smoking, as it reduces treatment efficacy
  • Bring a companion on the day of the procedure
  • No food 6 hours prior; water allowed up to 2 hours before
  • Sedation is optional and can be omitted if the patient prefers